Acetaminophen (C8H9NO2) is a common pain reliever and fever reducer. It works by blocking certain substances in the body that cause pain and fever.
| IUPAC Name | N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide |
| Molecular Formula | C8H9NO2 |
| CAS Number | 103-90-2 |
| Synonyms | APAP, Paracetamol, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, 4-acetamidophenol |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) |
Acetaminophen Properties
Acetaminophen Formula
The chemical formula of acetaminophen is C8H9NO2. It represents the composition of atoms in a molecule, indicating that acetaminophen contains 8 carbon atoms, 9 hydrogen atoms, 1 nitrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms.
Acetaminophen Molar Mass
The molar mass of 4-acetamidophenol is 151.17 g/mol. Molar mass refers to the mass of one mole of a substance and is calculated by summing the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecule.
Acetaminophen Boiling Point
4-acetamidophenol has a boiling point of approximately 169 degrees Celsius. This is the temperature at which the liquid form of 4-acetamidophenol converts into a gas under standard atmospheric pressure.
Acetaminophen Melting Point
The melting point of 4-acetamidophenol is about 169-170 degrees Celsius. It is the temperature at which the solid form of 4-acetamidophenol transitions into a liquid state.
Acetaminophen Density g/mL
The density of 4-acetamidophenol is around 1.26 g/mL. Density is a measure of the mass of a substance per unit volume and indicates how tightly packed the molecules are in a given amount of the substance.
Acetaminophen Molecular Weight
The molecular weight of 4-acetamidophenol is 151.17 g/mol. It is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule and is expressed in grams per mole.
Acetaminophen Structure
4-acetamidophenol has a molecular structure consisting of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and an acetamide group (-NHCOCH3) attached. This structure gives 4-acetamidophenol its characteristic properties and functional groups.
Acetaminophen Solubility
4-acetamidophenol is sparingly soluble in cold water but more soluble in hot water. It dissolves readily in organic solvents like ethanol and methanol. Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent at a given temperature.
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Specific Gravity | 1.04-1.05 g/cm³ |
| Color | White |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Molar Mass | 151.17 g/mol |
| Density | 1.26 g/mL |
| Melting Point | 169-170°C |
| Boiling Point | 169°C |
| Flash Point | 151°C |
| Water Solubility | Soluble |
| Solubility | Sparingly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water |
| Vapor Pressure | 0.0056 mmHg |
| Vapor Density | 5.15 |
| pKa | 9.52 |
| pH | Approximately 5.5-6.5 |
Acetaminophen Safety and Hazards
4-acetamidophenol is generally considered safe when used as directed. However, misuse or overdose can pose risks. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and avoid exceeding the maximum daily limit. Taking excessive amounts can cause liver damage. Allergic reactions, though rare, can occur, leading to symptoms such as rash, itching, and swelling. It is crucial to be aware of other medications containing 4-acetamidophenol to avoid unintentional overdose. Precaution should be taken in individuals with liver disease or alcohol dependence. Consultation with a healthcare professional is advised for proper guidance on 4-acetamidophenol use and to assess any potential interactions with other medications.
| Hazard Symbols | None |
| Safety Description | Acetaminophen is generally safe when used as directed, but misuse or overdose can be harmful. Follow recommended dosages and avoid exceeding the maximum daily limit. Consult a healthcare professional if necessary. |
| UN IDs | Not applicable |
| HS Code | 2924.29.00 |
| Hazard Class | Not classified as hazardous |
| Packing Group | Not applicable |
| Toxicity | Acetaminophen can be toxic if taken in excessive amounts, particularly to the liver. Allergic reactions are rare but can occur. Adhere to recommended dosages and seek medical attention if any adverse effects are experienced. |
Acetaminophen Synthesis Methods
There are several synthesis methods for 4-acetamidophenol.
One common method involves the reaction between p-aminophenol and acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst, such as phosphoric acid or sodium acetate. This process, known as the acetylation of p-aminophenol, results in the formation of 4-acetamidophenol and acetic acid.
In one synthesis route, 4-nitrophenol undergoes reduction using a reducing agent such as iron or tin to convert it to 4-aminophenol. The reaction further proceeds by acetylating the resulting 4-aminophenol using acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride, resulting in the production of 4-acetamidophenol.
To synthesize 4-acetamidophenol from phenol, one can first react phenol with ammonia and formaldehyde to convert it into p-aminophenol. Then, acetylate p-aminophenol using acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride to produce 4-acetamidophenol.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing extensively employs these synthesis techniques to produce 4-acetamidophenol on a large scale. It is important to note that these processes require careful control of reaction conditions, such as temperature, time, and reagent proportions, to ensure optimal yield and purity of the final product.
Acetaminophen Uses
4-acetamidophenol is a versatile medication with various uses. Here are some common applications:
- Pain relief: Acetaminophen is widely used to alleviate mild to moderate pain, including headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and muscle aches. It helps reduce pain by acting on the central nervous system.
- Fever reduction: 4-acetamidophenol is an effective antipyretic, meaning it helps lower fever. It is commonly used to manage fever associated with colds, flu, and other illnesses.
- OTC cold and flu remedies: 4-acetamidophenol is a key ingredient in many over-the-counter cold and flu medications. It helps relieve multiple symptoms, such as headache, sore throat, body aches, and fever.
- Pediatric use: 4-acetamidophenol is widely used in children for pain and fever management. It is available in child-friendly formulations, such as liquid suspensions and chewable tablets.
- Post-vaccination discomfort: 4-acetamidophenol is often recommended to ease soreness, pain, and fever following vaccinations, providing relief and comfort.
- Arthritis management: 4-acetamidophenol is sometimes used as a non-prescription option for managing pain associated with arthritis, providing relief to individuals with mild to moderate symptoms.
- Combination products: 4-acetamidophenol is frequently included in combination medications alongside other active ingredients, such as decongestants or antihistamines, to provide comprehensive relief for cold, flu, and allergy symptoms.
It is important to note that while 4-acetamidophenol is generally safe and effective, it is essential to follow the recommended dosage guidelines and consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist or worsen.
Questions:
Q: Is acetaminophen polar or nonpolar?
A: 4-acetamidophenol is a polar compound.
Q: Is ibuprofen or acetaminophen better for kidneys?
A: 4-acetamidophenol is generally considered safer for the kidneys compared to ibuprofen.
Q: Can I take acetaminophen for period cramps?
A: Yes, 4-acetamidophenol can help relieve pain associated with period cramps.
Q: Is acetaminophen a steroid?
A: No, 4-acetamidophenol is not a steroid; it is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
Q: Where is equate acetaminophen made?
A: The manufacturing origin of Equate 4-acetamidophenol may vary, as Equate is a brand that sources products from various suppliers.
Q: Is acetaminophen an NSAID?
A: No, 4-acetamidophenol is not an NSAID; it is classified as an analgesic and antipyretic medication.
Q: What is acetaminophen?
A: 4-acetamidophenol is a common over-the-counter medication used to relieve pain and reduce fever.
Q: Is Tylenol acetaminophen?
A: Yes, Tylenol is a brand name for acetaminophen.
Q: How does acetaminophen work?
A: 4-acetamidophenol works by inhibiting certain substances in the body that cause pain and fever.
Q: What is acetaminophen used for?
A: 4-acetamidophenol is used to relieve pain and reduce fever in various conditions, including headaches, muscle aches, and cold/flu symptoms.